Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Basic principles of the democratic republic of Afghanistan Chronicle of main events

The revolution of 7 Saur 1357 (April 27, 1978), which entered a new stage of its development in the glorious history of the peoples of Afghanistan on 6 Ja-di 1358 (December 27, 1979), marked the beginning of the national democratic anti-feudal and anti-imperialist revolution . As a result of the Saur revolution, a new type of state was created - the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan - expressing the age-old aspirations and interests of the working people, the entire people. The noble and hardworking people of Afghanistan have embarked on the path of social revolutionary transformation, national unity and the victorious development of the national democratic revolution, on the path of creating a new society based on the principles of peace, freedom, progress and justice, fraternity and equality.

The development of Afghanistan from backwardness to social, economic and cultural progress is carried out under the leadership of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan - the vanguard of the working class and all working people of the country - at the will of the broad masses, with deep respect and strict adherence to the historical, cultural and religious traditions of the people, with constant following the principles of the sacred religion of Islam, respect for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, based on a policy of peace, friendship and cooperation with all peoples of the region and the world.

The DRA sets itself the task of protecting national independence, national sovereignty, territorial integrity, further strengthening the gains of the Saur revolution and achieving its ideals and goals, consolidating and further developing the popular system in the DRA, ensuring the broad and active participation of workers, all democratic, progressive and patriotic the country's forces in the anti-feudal, national-democratic, anti-imperialist reforms and defense of the homeland and the Saur revolution carried out by the PDPA and the Revolutionary Council.

To achieve this, the Revolutionary Council of the DRA, as the highest body of state power in the country, expressing the true free will of all the peoples of Afghanistan, DECIDES to approve

and put into effect for the period until the adoption of the Loya Jirga (High Council) of the Constitution of the DRA the following basic principles of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan;

Chapter 1. Fundamentals of socio-political and economic structure.

Article 1.

The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan is a sovereign and democratic state of the entire working Muslim people of Afghanistan - workers, peasants, artisans, nomads, intellectuals and other workers, all democratic and patriotic forces, all nationalities and tribes of the country.

Article 2.

The state serves the good and happiness of the people; it ensures his peaceful life, security and tranquility, the comprehensive development of man, the protection of his rights, property, dignity, and the protection of national customs and traditions. In the DRA, state power belongs to the working people of towns and villages, who exercise it through national state and local bodies formed democratically.

Article 3.

The power of the working people in the DRA is based on a broad National Patriotic Front, uniting workers, peasants, artisans, nomads, intellectuals, women, youth, representatives of all nationalities and tribes, all progressive, democratic and patriotic forces and socio-political organizations of the country under the leadership of the PDPA on a common platform for building a new, progressive, free, democratic society.

The National Fatherland Front is called upon to promote the unification of all the forces of the people for joint actions to implement the tasks of the national democratic development of the country, to promote the patriotic education of the population, and the broad involvement of citizens in the management of the affairs of the state and society.

Article 4.

The PDPA, the vanguard of the working class and all working people of the country, is the leading and guiding force of society and the state. It reflects the will and interests of workers, peasants, intellectuals, all working people and national democratic forces, and is a consistent defender of the genuine interests of the people.

Expressing the will of the people of Afghanistan, guided by the principles of the national democratic revolution in domestic and foreign policy, the PDPA determines the sequence of implementation of the goals and objectives of the Saur revolution, leads the struggle of all the peoples of Afghanistan for the creation of a new, fair society, free from the exploitation of man by man.

Article 5.

The DRA ensures respect and protection of the sacred religion of Islam; All Muslims are guaranteed and ensured complete freedom to practice the religious rites of Islam.

Persons of other religions have complete freedom to practice their religious rites, which do not threaten public peace and security of the country.

The state will provide assistance and assistance to the patriotic activities of the clergy and ulema in the performance of their duties and responsibilities.

No one has the right to use religion for the purpose of anti-national and anti-people propaganda or commit other actions hostile to the interests of the DRA and the people of Afghanistan.

Article 6.

The DRA supports and encourages the activities of trade unions, women's and youth organizations, scientific, cultural, artistic and other mass democratic public organizations of workers, which unite workers, peasants, artisans, intellectuals and other segments of the population in order to improve their organization and development social and labor activity, involving them in the implementation of the goals and objectives of the Saur revolution, ensuring their specific interests.

Article 7.

The DRA pursues a policy of equality, fraternal friendship and comprehensive development of all, large and small, peoples and tribes living in Afghanistan, promotes the unity of workers of all nationalities and tribes in the struggle for the goals of the Saur revolution, guarantees and ensures their legal rights.

The goal of the DRA is to eliminate inequality in the levels of economic, social and cultural development of all regions of the country.

The DRA protects and develops all that is best and valuable in the cultural heritage and traditions of all nationalities, nationalities and tribes of the country.

Article 8.

The armed forces and Tsaranda of the DRA defend the gains of the Saur revolution, national independence, unity, territorial integrity and national sovereignty of the country.

The state will take the necessary measures to strengthen the armed forces and Tsarandoy, educate their personnel in the high spirit of patriotism and love for the motherland, loyalty to the goals and ideals of the Saur revolution, solidarity with the workers of other countries, to ensure the participation of military personnel in social and political life, to improve material the situation of their families.

Article 9.

The state supports the patriotic role of the leaders, elders, and all members of the country's tribes in ensuring peace, brotherhood, tranquility and protection of the borders of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the areas inhabited by them and will contribute to the effective implementation of this noble activity.

Article 10.

The DRA's foreign policy is aimed at strengthening global peace, developing broad international cooperation, and protecting the country's state interests. The basis of the foreign policy activities of the DRA are the principles of peaceful coexistence and the policy of positive and active non-alignment.

Article 11.

The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan expands and strengthens friendship and all-round traditional cooperation with the Soviet Union, cooperation and all-round friendly ties with other countries of the socialist community on the basis of the principle of international solidarity.

Article 12.

The DRA, as a peace-loving country, strives to maintain and strengthen friendly relations with other countries, especially with neighboring and all Muslim states and peoples, on the basis of mutual respect for independence, national sovereignty, territorial integrity and non-interference in each other's internal affairs; will promote the unification of the efforts of Muslim and other peoples in the common desire for peace, freedom, progress and cooperation between them.

Article 13.

The DRA stands for a fair and peaceful solution based on goodwill and the principles of peaceful coexistence of all unresolved problems that exist between the neighboring states of the region.

Article 14.

The DRA supports the people's struggle for national and social liberation, for democracy and progress, against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, Zionism, racism, fascism, racial discrimination and apartheid.

Article 16.

The DRA stands for general disarmament and an end to the arms race, preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons, the elimination of aggressive military bases on foreign territories, the development and deepening of the process of easing international tension, and the establishment of a fair international economic order.

War propaganda is prohibited in the DRA.

Article 16.

The DRA approves and complies with the UN Charter and generally recognized principles and norms of international law, and supports the activities of the UN to strengthen peace and develop international cooperation.

Article 17.

In the DRA there are the following forms of ownership: state property (common property of all people), cooperative property, private property and personal property.

The state protects and protects all forms of legal property.

The exclusive property of the state includes the subsoil of the earth and other natural resources, energy sources, banks and insurance companies, basic means of production in heavy industry, communications, radio broadcasting and television. The property of the entire people enjoys special protection.

The state supports, encourages and controls the activities of companies in which it participates.

Article 18.

The state directs the development of the national economy in order to eliminate the economic backwardness of the country, improve the living standards of all nationalities and tribes of Afghanistan, eliminate all forms of exploitation, and create a new society corresponding to the ideals of the Saur revolution. To achieve this, the state draws up scientifically based plans for social and economic development and relies on the creative and constructive activity of workers. The state encourages, supports and controls private initiative and uses material and moral means of influence.

Article 19.

The State recognizes and guarantees the ownership of land by peasants and other landowners in accordance with the provisions of the law.

The state takes measures to carry out democratic reforms in agriculture in the interests of the broad peasant masses and with their active participation, provides peasants with the necessary assistance by providing bank loans, facilitates the acquisition of agricultural machinery, high-quality seeds, chemical fertilizers, and the marketing of agricultural products and raw materials; supports and encourages the development of production, consumer and other types of cooperation in agriculture.

Article 20.

The state guarantees nomads, tribes, and pastoralists the opportunity to freely use pastures on a fair basis, and nomads also the right to free movement within the country; they will be provided with the necessary assistance by providing government subsidies and bank loans on preferential terms, as well as other assistance in the development of livestock farming and marketing of products, increasing their material well-being and cultural level, and improving their living conditions.

Article 21.

DRA supports and encourages the labor activity of artisans, stimulates their voluntary association into industrial cooperatives in order to more efficiently organize production, supply them with raw materials and sell finished products.

The state supports and encourages the participation of national entrepreneurs in the development of industry, services, transport and agriculture and guarantees, in accordance with the law, the inviolability of private investments aimed at developing the national economy.

The state, in the national interests of all peoples of Afghanistan, encourages and controls the development of domestic and foreign trade. For these purposes, it allows free retail and wholesale trade, exercises control over pricing, provides every possible assistance to companies and national traders in their trading activities for the export and import of goods, encourages an increase in the output and improvement of the quality of exported goods, and helps protect them from the competition of imperialist monopolies.

Article 22.

The state protects and protects private property. It cannot be used to the detriment of the interests of the people and the country. The state guarantees the personal property of citizens acquired by honest labor; the law defines and guarantees the right of inheritance of private and personal property.

Property cannot be taken from its owner, except in cases provided by law, upon payment of just compensation.

Article 23.

The state, in accordance with the law and the principle of justice, determines the types and amounts of taxes depending on the income of citizens.

Article 24.

In the field of social and cultural development, the DRA pursues a policy aimed at strengthening the union and unity of workers, peasants, nomads, intellectuals, artisans, traders, clergy, patriotic ulema, all democratic and patriotic forces of the country, all nationalities, nationalities and tribes of Afghanistan; to eliminate the remnants of feudal relations, backwardness, unemployment, illiteracy, poverty, and disease; to improve the material well-being and cultural standard of living of each family. For these purposes, programs for the complete elimination of illiteracy, the broad development of education, health care and social security, science and technology, culture and art, physical education and sports, and the sphere of consumer services will be consistently implemented.

Article 25.

The state considers one of its main tasks to be providing workers with comfortable housing.

Article 26.

Family, motherhood and childhood are under special protection of the state. The state takes special care of the health of mothers and children and takes measures to create ample opportunities for women in obtaining education, profession and work. Government bodies, public organizations, and schools should provide assistance to families in raising children.

The state takes care of young people, gives them access to education and mastering various professions, will take the necessary measures to employ young people, create the necessary conditions for their ideological and moral education and physical development, broad and creative participation in the construction of a new society.

What is the metropolis of Shindand in Afghanistan? What military operations took place here? We will answer these and other questions in the article. Shindand is a city and the center of Shindand county in the province of Gerant, located in the Republic of Afghanistan. It was founded on the site of the Iranian medieval city of Sabzevar.

Description

Everyone knows Shindand as a beautiful city. On its northern outskirts there is a large airfield (civil and military aviation), operated by the OKSVA air fleet during the Afghan War (1979-1989). Today it houses the air forces of the American, Afghan and Italian anti-Taliban forces.

The borders of Shindand (Afghanistan) are enclosed in a ring road, which, with the financial support of the Iranian authorities, was recently laid in the border regions of Afghanistan (in all western regions) with Iran. The Afghan Army is facilitating the operation of a free medical clinic providing medical services to residents of the metropolis. Geographically, the city is located on the outskirts of the Zirko Valley, one of the most important poppy processing centers in Western Afghanistan.

It should be noted that the Limited Contingent in Afghanistan (OXVA) is the official name of the group of the USSR Armed Forces located in the Republic of Afghanistan until 1989.

Strengths and means

What is Shindand (Afghanistan) famous for? It is known that the province of Herat was included in the area of ​​​​responsibility of the 5th Motorized Rifle Guards Division (“PPD” cities: Shindand and Herat) OKSVA and served as the point of its permanent deployment.

The ground forces and assets of this division were:

• 101st Motorized Rifle Regiment (Herat);
• 12th Motorized Rifle Guards Regiment (Herat);
• 371st Motorized Rifle Guards Regiment (Shindand);
• 1060th Artillery Regiment (Shindand);
• 650th separate reconnaissance Prague battalion (Shindand);
• 68th separate combat engineer guards battalion (Shindand) and others.

Hostilities

Many people like to look at photos of Shindand (Afghanistan). It is known that in the period from July 1980 to April 1984 in the province of Herat, in the districts of Shindand and Herat, special tasks were carried out by the Cascade detachments (special forces of the KGB of the USSR), Karpaty-1, and Karpaty.

The progress of significant combined-arms operations to capture the Kokari-Sharshari fortified zone filled the wide front of a hard-to-reach mountainous region in the Iran-Afghan border region, where, if diplomatically appropriate, the leadership strengthened OKSVA formations.

Additional units and OKSVA groups were involved in the landing of tactical airborne troops in the mountainous areas of Herat province. Thus, the following were involved in the combined arms process “Trap” in 1986, August 19-25, in the province of Herat:

• 149th Motorized Rifle Guards Regiment and 201st Motorized Rifle Division (Kunduz);
• 345th separate airborne parachute regiment (Bagram);
• 28th Artillery Rocket Regiment of the 40th Army (Shindand);
• border detachment Takhta-Bazarsky KSAPO.

Air Force

How did the soldiers stationed in the Shindand region (Afghanistan) fight? It is known that for transport needs and cooperation with the OKSVA ground army during combat operations, reconnaissance, attack, and fighter-bomber aircraft were involved in military campaigns. The goals set by the leadership of the Air Force of the 40th Army also included the delivery of assault bombing strikes (BSHU).

The command of the 40th Army in the province of Herat used aircraft from the following air units:

• 17th separate regiment KSAPO (Turkmen SSR) - Mary air base, commanded by Colonel N. Romanyuk;
• 302nd separate helicopter squadron - Herat province, Shindand airbase;
• 303rd separate helicopter squadron - Herat province, Herat air base;
• 335th separate helicopter regiment - Nangarhar province, Jalalabad air base;
• 378th assault separate air regiment - Parwan-Kandahar province, Bagram-Kandahar airbase;
• 50th separate mixed aviation regiment, Kabul airport;
• 200th separate aviation attack squadron - Shindand terminal;
• 154th Separate Fighter-Bomber Regiment - Kandahar Terminal;
• 378th separate aviation assault regiment - Shindand airfield.

Heaven's Gate

Do you know what the Shindanda airfield (Afghanistan) was like? A photo of the object is presented below. In fact, this terminal is located near Shindand, at an altitude of 1158 m above sea level. It is equipped with a runway 2700 x 48 m. The 302nd OVE (separate helicopter squadron - Mi-8MT, Mi-24, attached Mi-6) operated in the west of Afghanistan. Maneuver zone: in latitude - from the Soviet border (Turagundi-Kushka) to the southern part of the republic - desert Gerishka, Zaranja, Lashkargah (Loshkarevka) and further, in longitude - from the Iranian border to the mountainous Chagcharan.

In 1986, on December 22, the 302nd OVE under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Shvetsov replaced the Alexander Black Hundred and completed its activities with the rank of Shvetsov’s Wild Division in 1987, on October 23.

Today the airbase is used by the International Security Support Force (ISAF). The 838th Advisory and Expeditionary Group is stationed at the airfield. The group takes part in ISAF and the NATO Training Mission in Afghanistan.

Shindand is also home to the 3rd Wing of the Afghan National Air Force.

Operation Trap

In what military operations was the city of Shindand (Afghanistan) involved? It is known that in 1986, on August 18-26, Soviet troops in Afghanistan carried out a military operation under the code name “Trap”. It was a large-scale combined arms air and ground campaign that was carried out in the western province of Herat. The goal of the joint planned operation of OKSVA and the official forces of the DRA (Ministry of Internal Affairs, MGB and Armed Forces of the DRA) was to destroy the rear support agencies and members of the Afghan armed opposition units of the “United Western Group” of the famous field commander Ismail Khan.

The action was carried out in three phases on an impressive front of mountainous and plain zones: in the mountainous region of Sharshari bordering Iran and in the area of ​​​​old Herat. In the first and third stages of the operation on the plains, the areas adjacent to Herat were cleared of members of local groups; in the mountains, the base area “Kokari-Shaishari” was conquered - the most important transshipment and stronghold point on the border with Iran.

This operation was recognized as one of the most successful combined-arms large-scale OKSVA operations in the annals of the Battle of Afghanistan (1979-1989).

Military campaign

OKSVA formations and units were involved in Operation Trap: the 5th Motorized Rifle Guards Division, located in the province of Herat, the 149th Motorized Rifle Guards Regiment (Kunduz) and the 345th Airborne Separate Guards Regiment (Bagram), impressive Air Force forces from the air bases of Shindand, Kabul, Bagram, Mary (Turkmen SSR) and Jalalabad. The 17th Infantry Division, 5th Tank Brigade and others were brought in from the DRA Armed Forces.

Death of the Su-25 attack aircraft

So, you already know that the Shindand airbase (Afghanistan) took an active part in the hostilities. Cooperation with the ground attacking forces of the troops was carried out by Su-25 attack aircraft of the 378th OSHAP, which took off from the Shindand airbase. Their assault bombing strikes were aimed at destroying engineering connections on the line adjacent to Iran - in the area of ​​the Kokari-Sharshari base zone, and suppressing enemy firing points.

At the same time, the enemy’s ZU-23-4 anti-aircraft guns and various enemy MANPADS continuously fired in response. In 1986, on August 23, an English Blowpipe MANPADS (surface-to-air missile) from the lands of border Iran shot down a Su-25 attack aircraft of the 378th OSHAP, led by Captain A.G. Smirnov. The aircraft at that moment was on the main line of battle and was coming out of a dive.

The plane began to roll as it lost control and was eliminated. The pilot was able to eject and was evacuated from the landing site by helicopter.

Scale

When the military operation began in the province of Herat (in 1986, August 18), the commander of the air regiment appointed leading groups. The leader followed the scout who had designated the targets and led another 24 crews, navigating along the bed of the Gerirud River.

The goal of the plain phase of the campaign was to provide security for the movement of columns of armored and vehicle vehicles on the Kushka-Herat-Kandahar highway transporting military, humanitarian and civilian supplies to the provinces of Helmand and Kandahar.

With assault bombing strikes, the pilots needed to clear the Herat area of ​​the enemy and destroy the infrastructure of the Mujahideen. The flights lasted several weeks. When the last flight was completed, armored vehicles and soldiers came from Kandahar and Shindand, and helicopters took off. From above it was clearly visible how large-scale the operation was.

Conclusion 5-1 Guards. The MSD from the garrison along the route Shindand - Herat - Turugundi - Kushka began, according to schedule, on January 29, 1989. The finalists were RR 371 SMEs, RR 101 SMEs. The division's withdrawal ended in 1989, on February 15. The unit became its permanent location in the city of Kushka.

The Afghan War (1979-1989) is one of the stages of the civil war in Afghanistan between the armed forces of the government of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) and the armed opposition (Mujahideen); During this period, by decision of the CPSU Central Committee, a limited contingent of Soviet troops (OKSV) was introduced into the territory of Afghanistan.

According to the official version of the Soviet leadership, the Soviet Army was supposed to prevent the threat of foreign military invasion into the territory of the USSR.
The formal basis for the introduction of the OKSV was repeated requests from the Afghan leadership for help.

The decision was made on December 12, 1979 at a meeting of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee and formalized by a secret resolution of the CPSU Central Committee.
The beginning of the Afghan war (introduction of OKSV) - December 25, 1979.
Ended: February 15, 1989.

Irrevocable losses(killed, died from wounds, diseases, accidents, missing) - 15,051 people (as of January 1, 1999).
Sanitary losses - almost 54 thousand wounded, shell-shocked, injured; 416 thousand sick (as of January 1, 1999).
Losses in equipment - 147 tanks, 1314 armored vehicles (armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, BMD, BRDM), 510 engineering vehicles, 11,369 trucks and fuel tankers, 433 artillery systems, 118 aircraft, 333 helicopters (as of January 1, 1999).

After the outbreak of the Afghan war, several countries announced a boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games, which were held in Moscow.
During the developing conflict, support for the Mujahideen was provided by military specialists from the United States and a number of European NATO member countries, China, as well as Pakistani intelligence services.

Beginning of the Afghan Civil War

In the sixties, a communist party was created in the Kingdom of Afghanistan, which soon split into two factions: "Khalq" ("People", leader - Nur Mohammed Taraki) and "Parcham" ("Banner", leader - the son of the general of the Afghan armed forces, Babrak Karmal) .

In 1973, the king's cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan carried out a coup d'état and a republic was proclaimed in the country. The president tried to carry out a number of reforms, but on April 27, 1978 he was overthrown as a result of a military coup. The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) came to power, Nur Mohammed Taraki became president, and Babrak Karmal became vice president.

In April 1979, an uprising against the communist regime began in all provinces, the so-called “Saur (April) Revolution.” As a result, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) was proclaimed. Taraki became the head of state, and Hafizullah Amin became the chairman of the Revolutionary Council. The government launched reforms that sparked protests in traditional Afghan society.
The PDPA split into two factions, Amin stormed the presidential palace (September 14, 1979), Taraki was killed.

The Soviet government decided to send troops into Afghanistan to help the communist government deal with the rebels, remove Amin from leadership and return Babrak Karmal to power.

Entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan

Back in July 1979, a battalion from the 111th Parachute Regiment of the 105th Airborne Division arrived in Bagram. This was the first regular unit of the Soviet Army in Afghanistan.

On December 9-12, the first so-called “Muslim battalion”, a special forces unit of the Soviet Army, created in preparation for the entry of troops into Afghanistan and staffed by fighters with a “Central Asian” appearance, arrived in Afghanistan.

On December 14, a separate battalion of the 345th Guards Parachute Regiment (OPDP) arrived in Bagram.
On December 25, 1979, at 15.00, the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan began across two pontoon bridges across the Amu Darya River near the city of Termez. The scouts crossed first, then the columns of the 40th Army - the 108th Motorized Rifle Division (commanded by General K. Kuzmin).

Military transport aviation, using transport aircraft Il-76, An-22, An-12, began airlifting the main forces of the 105th Airborne Division of a separate parachute regiment to the airfields of Kabul and Bagram.
7,700 paratroopers and 894 units of military equipment were delivered.

At the same time, the 357th and 66th motorized rifle divisions entered Afghanistan through Kushka and other border points, which occupied Herat and Farah in the west of the country.
On December 27, Operation Storm 333 was carried out - Amin's palace was stormed. The operation lasted 43 minutes. Amin, his son and about 200 Afghan guards and military personnel were killed.

1980

In February 1980, the number of Soviet troops in Afghanistan reached 58,000 people.
In March, the first major offensive operation of OKSV units against the Mujahideen was carried out, the so-called Kunar offensive.
In the summer, the 16th and 54th motorized rifle divisions were introduced into Afghanistan. In northern Afghanistan, a 100-kilometer security zone was created along the Soviet-Afghan border.

1981

The 357th Division was replaced by the 346th Division and the 5th Motorized Rifle Division was additionally introduced into Afghanistan.
In December, an opposition base in the Darzab region (Jawzjan province) was destroyed.

1982

On November 3, a fuel tanker explosion killed more than 176 people in the Salang Pass in the Hindu Kush Mountains.

1983

On January 2, in Mazar-i-Sharif, the Mujahideen took 16 Soviet civilian specialists hostage. 10 of them were released a month later, but six died.
In April, opposition forces were defeated in the Nijrab gorge (Kapisa province). Losses on the Soviet side: 14 people killed, 63 wounded.
The command of the 40th Soviet Army, located 50 km north of Kabul near the Bagram airbase, was transferred to the outskirts of Kabul.

1984

In 1984, the number of Soviet troops in Afghanistan reached 150,000.
Seven Soviet motorized rifle divisions were positioned along the important Afghan ring road and on the road to Kiber Pass.
The 105th Guards Airborne Division was located in the Bagram-Kabul area. One of the five airborne brigades included in this division was stationed in Jalalabad.
The command of the 40th Soviet Army was transferred from the outskirts of Kabul to the Soviet border and to Termez.

The main supply depots were on Soviet territory, in Kushka and Termez, and in Afghanistan - the Shindand air base between Herat and Farah, Bagram near Kabul, Abdalmir-alam near Kunduz and Kelagay on the Salang road. A fuel pipeline runs from the Soviet border to Kelagai. Near Termez, a combined road and railway bridge was built across the Amu Darya.

Su-25 aircraft and helicopters, including MI-24, were used to participate in ground combat operations. On January 16, the Mujahideen shot down a Su-25 aircraft for the first time using the Strela-2M portable anti-aircraft missile system (MANPADS). On October 27, an Il-76 transport plane was shot down over Kabul by a MANPADS.

On April 30, the 1st Battalion of the 682nd Motorized Rifle Regiment was ambushed in the Panjshir Gorge and suffered heavy losses.

1985

On April 21, in the Maravara Gorge (Kunar province), the 1st company of Soviet special forces under the command of Captain Nikolai Tsebruk was surrounded and destroyed.
Irreplaceable losses: 31 people.
On April 26, there was an uprising of Soviet and Afghan prisoners of war in the Badaber prison in Pakistan.
In the fall, the creation of support base areas began in hard-to-reach areas of the country.

1986

At the XXVII Congress of the CPSU, Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Mikhail Gorbachev announced the beginning of developing a plan for a phased withdrawal of troops.
In April, the Mujahideen suffered a major defeat as a result of the operation to destroy the Javara base.

On May 4, at the XVIII plenum of the Central Committee of the PDPA, Muhammad Najibullah was elected to the post of Secretary General instead of Babrak Karmal. The new government proclaims a policy of national reconciliation.

1987

In February and March, operations were carried out: “Strike” in the province of Kunduz, “Squall” in the province of Kandahar, “Thunderstorm” in the province of Ghazni, “Circle” in the provinces of Kabul and Logar.
In May, operations were carried out: "Volley" in the provinces of Logar, Paktia, Kabul and "South-87" in the province of Kandahar.
In November, Operation Highway was launched for the Afghan province of Khost on the border with Pakistan.

1988

The most fierce battle of Operation Magistral took place on January 7-8 in the area of ​​the height indicated on maps as 3234.
The 9th parachute company of the 345th Guards Separate Parachute Regiment with a total strength of 39 people, with the support of regimental artillery, defended the heights, which were attacked by special rebel units trained in Pakistan. The battle lasted 12 hours, the Mujahideen retreated.
Irreplaceable losses: six people. For this battle, all paratroopers were awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the Red Star; junior sergeant V.A. Alexandrov and private A.A. Melnikov were posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

On April 14, the Geneva Agreements on a political settlement of the situation around the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan were signed. The Soviet Union pledged to withdraw its troops within 9 months, and the United States and Pakistan had to stop supporting the Mujahideen.

1989

The last Soviet combat operation in Afghanistan - "Typhoon" - was carried out on January 23-26. On February 4, the last unit of the Soviet Army left Kabul.
On February 15, Soviet troops were completely withdrawn from Afghanistan. The withdrawal of troops was led by the commander of the 40th Army, Lieutenant General Boris Gromov.

All-Russian public organization "Russian Union of Afghanistan Veterans":

State in southwest Asia, in the Middle East. Territory - 655 thousand square meters. km. Population -15.54 million (1979 census), ch. arr. Afghans (Pashtuns) - approx. 55%, as well as Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazaras, Charaimaks, Turkmens, etc. Almost 3 million people. lead a nomadic lifestyle. The capital is Kabul (approx. 850 thousand inhabitants). State languages ​​- Pashto and Dari. The overwhelming majority of the population professes Sunni Islam.

The first centralized state on the territory of Afghanistan - the Durrani state - was formed in the middle of the 18th century. For almost a century after this, the British colonialists tried to subjugate the Afghan state, unleashing wars against it in 1838-42. and 1878-80, but each time they met courageous resistance from the people. And yet, the enslaving agreements of 1879 and 1893 England managed to establish control over the country's foreign policy and seriously slow down the socio-economic and political development of Afghanistan.

In response to the proclamation of 28.02. 1919 With the independence of Afghanistan, England launched a third war against it. The decisive rebuff of the invaders by the Afghan people forced England to sign 8.08. 1919 preliminary peace treaty, according to which it recognized the independence of the Afghan state (19.08 the treaty was ratified by the Afghan side). However, England signed the final peace treaty with Afghanistan only in November 1921. Since 1978, by decree of the Revolutionary Council of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Restoration of Independence Day has been celebrated annually on August 19.

The first country, the region is already 27.03. 1919, responding to the call of the Afghan government, recognized the independence of Afghanistan, and 27.05. 1919 established diplomatic relations with it, there was a young Soviet Republic. 28.02. In 1921, the Soviet-Afghan Treaty of Friendship was signed in Kabul - Afghanistan's first equal treaty with a great power. The signing of the agreement was actually the first step towards official recognition of Afghanistan by other countries. 24.06. 1931 Afghanistan and the USSR entered into a Treaty of Neutrality and Mutual Non-Aggression. Both treaties laid the foundations of friendship and good neighborliness between the two countries and peoples.

As a result of the armed coup on July 17. In 1973, the monarchy was ended in Afghanistan and the country was declared a republic. However, the government, headed by M. Daoud, a close relative of the abdicated king, actually pursued the previous, monarchical political course. The ban on the activities of progressive democratic organizations in the country, repressions against their leadership, a sharp intensification of the class struggle - all this led to the national democratic revolution on IV 27, 1978. The revolution was led and carried out by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) - the party of the working class and all workers of the country. The revolutionary council that came to power in 1978, ZOLU, proclaimed the country the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) and announced the formation of the first people's government. The new government began to implement profound socio-economic reforms in the interests of the working masses; in foreign policy, it proclaimed a policy of non-alignment and the development of good neighborly relations with all countries in the region.

The USSR was the first to recognize the DRA. In December 1978, an official friendly visit to the USSR by the party and government delegation of the DRA took place, during which the Treaty of Friendship, Good Neighborhood and Cooperation was signed, reflecting a qualitatively new stage in traditional good relations between the two countries.

The implementation of measures aimed at eliminating feudal and pre-feudal relations and democratizing public life is taking place in Afghanistan under difficult conditions. The policy of the DRA government meets fierce resistance from the overthrown classes. The internal reaction, which took refuge in Pakistan and certain other countries, launched fierce hostile activities with the aim of overthrowing the people's government. In this it is actively supported by international imperialism led by the USA, China and their allies among the reactionary regimes in the Near and Middle East. Armed foreign interference in the internal affairs of Afghanistan is, in essence, aggression against a sovereign independent state.

The complexity of the situation in the country was aggravated by the policies of Amin, who in September 1979, having overthrown and physically destroyed the legitimate leader of the PDPA and the state N. M. Taraki, usurped power and launched a campaign of terror and repression in the country. On his orders, thousands of innocent people were killed or imprisoned - party activists and representatives of all sections of the working people. Amin's policy, which enjoyed the support of international reaction, jeopardized the freedom, independence, national sovereignty and territorial integrity of Afghanistan.

27.12. 1979 Amin's regime was overthrown by patriotic forces and the DRA people's army. The new government was headed by Babrak Karmal. In response to repeated requests from the DRA government, the Soviet Union, fulfilling its international duty, sent a limited contingent of troops to Afghanistan to assist the Afghan people in repelling armed aggression from outside. This action was taken in full compliance with paragraph 51 of the UN Charter and paragraph 4 of the Soviet-Afghan Treaty of Friendship, Good Neighborhood and Cooperation, concluded in December 1978.

After the liquidation of Amin's regime, a new stage of the April Revolution began in the country, the main content of which was the unity of the people towards the implementation of revolutionary tasks.

As a result of the defeat of large counter-revolutionary gangs and in conditions of gradual normalization of life in the country, the USSR, in agreement with the DRA government, in June 1980 withdrew certain units from the Soviet military contingent in Afghanistan.

In April 1980, the Revolutionary Council enacted the Basic Principles of the DRA for the period until the adoption of a republican constitution in the country. In accordance with these principles, the state. power in the DRA belongs to the working people of the city and countryside. It is based on a broad national patriotic front, uniting workers, peasants, artisans, nomads, intellectuals, women, youth, representatives of all nationalities and tribes, all progressive, democratic and patriotic forces and socio-political organizations of the country. Citizens of the DRA are ensured and guaranteed personal integrity, the right to work, social security, and education. The principles of peaceful coexistence and positive non-alignment are declared to be the basis of foreign policy.

The DRA is pursuing a policy of expanding and strengthening friendship and traditional cooperation with the USSR and other countries of the socialist commonwealth on the basis of the principles of international solidarity, strives to maintain friendly relations with other countries, especially neighboring ones, and with all Muslim organizations and peoples on the basis of mutual respect and independence , national sovereignty, territorial integrity and non-interference in each other's internal affairs.

The highest body of state power is the Supreme Council of the DRA (Loya Jirga). Before its formation by the highest state. The body is the Revolutionary Council. The head of state is the chairman of the Revolutionary Council, who is also the prime minister (from December 28, 1979 - Babrak Karmal).

The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) is the vanguard of the working class and all working people of the country, the leading and guiding force of society and the state. Created in January 1965. In April 1980, a new party charter was adopted. The PDPA leads the struggle of all the peoples of Afghanistan to create a new just society, free from the exploitation of man by man. General Secretary of the PDPA Central Committee - Babrak Karmal.

The Democratic Youth Organization of Afghanistan and the Democratic Women's Organization of Afghanistan are active. Trade unions were created in the country for the first time in history

In accordance with the announced 9.5. 1978 “The main directions of revolutionary tasks” carried out deep socio-economic transformations in Afghanistan. More than 11 million peasants have been freed from debt to moneylenders and landowners. The Law on Family and Marriage gave women equal rights with men. Freedom of religion was proclaimed. Land reform is being carried out, establishing the maximum size of land ownership at 30 jeribs (6 hectares). About 300 thousand peasant families, primarily landless and land-poor, have already received the right to free ownership of their own plots of land. Up to 1 thousand agricultural enterprises have been created in the country. cooperatives Measures are being taken to eliminate illiteracy and improve the general educational level of the population. Teaching has been introduced in schools, newspapers are published and radio broadcasts are conducted in the languages ​​of national minorities

The new five-year plan for the economic and social development of the country, which came into force in March 1979, provides for a radical restructuring of the entire material and technical base, a significant expansion and strengthening of the public sector, and the organization of management of the national economy on the basis of scientific planning.

The basis of the economy is villages. economy (it employs 85% of the working population and creates about 2/3 of GNP). The leading industry is livestock farming. Livestock (1978/79, million heads): cattle - 3.7, sheep - 19.1, including Karakul - 4.7, goats - 3.0, horses and mules - 0.4 Cereal production in 1978/79 - approx. 4.4 million tons The main industries - gas, coal, oil, printing, electric power, woodworking, chemicals, etc. - are concentrated mainly in the state. sector Light industry, as well as handicrafts, are in the hands of private entrepreneurs

With the economic and technical assistance of the USSR, the construction of St. 70 and operates more than 50 facilities in the field of industry, rural economics and irrigation, transport, communications, healthcare, higher education, vocational training, etc.

The main mode of transport is automobile, the length of roads is 18.3 thousand km (1978). The length of the railway tracks is 5.5 km. The new five-year plan allocates significant allocations for road construction

The monetary unit is Afghani. 100 Afghani = 1.44 rubles. (February 1980).

The main export items are dry fruits, cotton, natural gas, carpets, astrakhan fur, etc.; imports - petroleum products, machinery and equipment, rolled products, building materials, etc.

The government is planning measures to improve the level of people's well-being. Over the five-year period, it is planned to provide free universal compulsory primary education and almost double the number of hospital beds and medical centers.

Sources:

1. Countries of the world: Brief political economics. reference book.-M.: Politizdat, 1980, 497 p.
2. Small Atlas of the World / senior ed. N.M. Terekhov-M.: GUGK, 1980, 147 p.

Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) (give جمهوری دموکراتیک افغانستان : Jumhūri-ye Dimukrātī-ye Afġānistān) - official name of the state Afghanistan With April 30 1978(after the victory of the April Revolution) by November 30th 1987(when by decision Loya Jirga it was renamed the Republic of Afghanistan). In April 1992, the DRA was liquidated by the Afghan Mujahideen.

Story

April Revolution

Najibullah's reign

In the summer of 1990, the PDPA was renamed the Vatan (Fatherland) party and completely abandoned communist ideology.

State structure

The highest state body of the country was the Revolutionary Council (Afghanistan) (RC), headed by a chairman. The government was subordinate to the Revolutionary Council. In practice, the Revolutionary Council consisted of members of the ruling People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). The functioning of the council was complicated by factional struggle between Hulk And Parcham, which reflected the motley national-tribal component of the Afghan state. At times (under Amin) the political system degenerated into a regime of personal dictatorship. Only in 1987 did a representative body begin to function in the country Loya Jirga, and the head of state received the title of president. The DRA was renamed the Republic of Afghanistan. After the attempted escape and removal of President Najibullah April 16 1992 Power in Afghanistan passed to the Military Council headed by Nabi Azimi. April 18th 1992 The Council appointed the country's Vice President Abdul Rahim Hatef as President, who April 28 surrendered power to the Mujahideen who entered Kabul.

Domestic policy

Government policy was focused on building in Afghanistan socialist republics.

The authorities declared the priority measures to be the reduction of debt of landless and land-poor peasants, the liquidation usury and the abolition of traditional Pashtuns makhora.

One of the first measures taken after B. Karmal came to power and aimed at normalizing the situation in the country was the announcement of an amnesty on January 1, 1980; In addition, the repressive bodies created by Amin were dissolved (the “organization of working counterintelligence” KAM, which was headed by Kh. Amin’s nephew, Asadullah Amin).

In March 1982, the National Conference of the PDPA condemned the course towards “accelerated revolutionary development of the country”; when carrying out domestic policy, it was considered necessary to take into account existing social, sociocultural, and economic traditions; it was proposed to improve explanatory work and more actively involve the population in participation in socio-political activities and the implementation of government programs.

In November 1985, the Revolutionary Council of the DRA adopted the declaration “ On the national-democratic nature of the revolution and its urgent tasks in modern conditions”, which set as a priority the expansion of the social base of government supporters and the achievement of internal peace in the country.

On January 5, 1987, the government announced a transition to a policy of reconciliation. A desire to resolve the conflict through negotiations was announced, from 15.1.1987 to 15.VII.1987 the military operations of the government army were temporarily stopped, to resolve controversial issues, the High Extraordinary Commission for National Reconciliation was created, which included 277 public and religious figures and elders. To resolve issues of land ownership, water and land reform, local commissions for national reconciliation were created in provinces and counties. For “peace zones” whose residents stopped supporting the dushmans, benefits and economic assistance programs were provided. The transition to a new policy caused a split among the opposition: on the one hand, by this time 417 detachments and groups of anti-government opposition with a total number of 37 thousand people had already entered into negotiations with the government. On the other hand, a number of Dushman leaders announced the continuation of the armed struggle.

On January 26, 1987, the government announced an amnesty for members of armed anti-government groups for actions committed before January 15, 1987.

Tribal Policy

At the turn of the 1970s - 1980s, nomadic tribes numbered 3 million people. (17% of the country's population).

In the early years of national policy, certain mistakes were made regarding the inhabitants of the “tribal zone” on the border with Pakistan, which were immediately taken advantage of by the anti-government opposition. A significant number of the local population fled to Pakistan, where “refugee camps” were created. In 1980-1981, the Minister of Borders and Tribal Affairs, Faiz Mohammed, held negotiations with representatives of nomadic tribes, during which the government achieved some success in relations with the Mohmand, Shinwari, Tani and some tribes Pashtuns: an agreement was reached on the participation of these tribes in protecting the border, 20 thousand people received land plots.

The beginning of intense hostilities in the border zone, combined with changes in government policy and the actions of dushman groups crossing the border (settling personal scores under the pretext of “fighting apostates,” planting mines here, intercepting trade caravans, taking away sheep and other property...) , led to changes in public consciousness. Yes, in the provinces Paktia One of the first to go over to the side of the government was the Chimkani tribe (4 thousand people), which found itself on the “supply lines” of the opposition - dushmans passing through their lands into the interior of the country especially often committed robberies and violence against them, as to the smallest tribe; The Jaji tribe went over to the side of the government after dushmans arriving from Pakistan killed a nurse and a doctor who were treating local residents.

In 1983-1984, the process of returning refugees from Pakistan to the country began. According to the government, only to the province Nimruz at the beginning of February 1984, 10 thousand residents returned.

After the start of the policy of national reconciliation, the number of repatriates increased: at a press conference on November 6, 1987, M. Najibula announced that during the 230 days of the policy of national reconciliation, 100 thousand refugees returned to the country, 30 thousand members of armed anti-government formations laid down their arms, the government was recognized by residents 2,300 villages that were previously under the control of dushmans.

Nevertheless, as General S. M. Mikhailov noted, “ work among the population to attract the broad masses to the side of the people's power was carried out very poorly", and in relation to refugees returning to Afghanistan, serious miscalculations were made by the local authorities: " when the policy of national reconciliation began to be implemented, I witnessed this fact. In the Asmara region of Kunar province, I became acquainted with the state of affairs in the Afghan regiment, which controlled the exits from Pakistani territory. And before my eyes, a tribe of 150-200 people is returning to their homeland from Pakistan. But the local authorities do not pay any attention to them, do not welcome them, do not give them any food, no seeds, nothing so that people can settle down. The only one who helped them was the regiment commander, who fed them rice from the soldiers' rations. Such indifference of local authorities often created the preconditions for people to leave for Pakistan, where they naturally fell under the influence of the opposition. Where such work was carried out actively, the population began to firmly support the people's power, and the government gave them weapons so that they could protect themselves from the raids of gangs, and I witnessed this in the provinces of Kabul, Badakhshan, Herat, how the local tribes coped well with this task » .

The leadership of the anti-government opposition, with the assistance of the authorities of Pakistan and Iran, hindered the repatriation process. There were threats and reprisals (for example, Gulbuddin Hekmaktiyar said that he ordered the killing of those returning to their homeland).

Armed forces and state security

The number of the Armed Forces of the DRA at the end of the 1980s reached 300 thousand soldiers and officers, of which 160 thousand people were in regular army. The DRA army was armed with Soviet-made weapons and military equipment: tanks, BMP , armored personnel carrier, combat and transport aviation, including helicopters, etc. The Ministry of Internal Affairs also had its own armed units - Tsaranda(115 thousand people) and the State Security Service - KHAD(approx. 20 thousand people).

Economy

Industry

Agriculture

• In February 1984, a new version of the land law was adopted, according to which some of the functions related to the distribution of land, previously under the jurisdiction of state bodies, were transferred to peasant assemblies and committees.

Transport

Only in the period from 1979 to 1986, with the assistance of the USSR, over 1000 km of roads were restored and built in the country (including the 110 km Kishim - Faizabad road and the 75 km Faizabad - Gulkhan road), 8 bridges with a length of 100 or more were erected meters IN 1981 The Friendship Bridge was put into operation. However, hostilities and sabotage caused significant damage, and the main efforts were aimed primarily at preserving the transport infrastructure (with the participation of Soviet troops, almost 10,000 km of roads were cleared, over 30 thousand mines and landmines were cleared between 1979 and 1987).

Also, with the help of the USSR, the development of railway transport began, but due to the mountainous terrain and the civil war, plans for the development of railways turned out to be unclaimed. At the beginning of 1980 a branch was built Termez -Hairatan.

To carry out government transportation, a joint Soviet-Afghan transport company AFSOTR (AFSOTR) was created. In addition, until October 17, 1987, over 1,500 trucks were received from Czechoslovakia " Tatra". Thanks to the help of socialist Czechoslovakia, the Kabul trolleybus appeared in the capital of the country in 1979.

Damage from the Civil War

In general, for the 1981 fiscal year (from March 20, 1981 to March 20, 1982), the country’s GNP grew by 2.4%.

The fighting significantly complicated the implementation of progressive reforms and caused serious damage to the country’s economy:

In order to win over the population over time, not only the government, but also the anti-government opposition revised its policies:

• In the initial period, the dushmans relied on direct terror against government supporters and their opponents:

Culture

The science

Space program

mass media

During the DRA period, the media were represented by Kabul television ( لویزیون ), All-Afghan radio ( رادیو ) and newspapers: "Hakikate inqilabe saur" ( give حقيقت انقلاب ثور : “The Truth about the April Revolution”, since 1980), “Khivad” (“Motherland”), “Hakikate Sarbaz”, “Derafshi Javanen” (“Youth Banner”). If newspapers appeared at the end of the 19th century, then the first television center was opened shortly after the April Revolution. In 1979, the main newspapers in the country were: Anis, Khivad, Inkilab-e Saur, Kabul Times

Social sphere

Housing construction

At the turn of the 1970s-1980s, the housing situation in Afghanistan was very difficult: even in the capital of the country, out of 70 thousand residential buildings, 40 thousand were in dilapidated and dilapidated housing; there was no program for improving housing conditions. In 1979, a housing construction plan was approved, which provided for urban development planning, urban greening, a subsidy program was adopted (a state loan for the purchase or construction of housing for a period of 20 years) and a cooperative housing construction scheme (“hashar” - during the construction of a cooperative house, part of the apartments families of builders received). The first cooperative house was built just three months after the start of the program. A notable monument of this period was “Makroreyan” - the district Kabul, built by "Soviet specialists" ( shuravi-mushaver). Block typical "Soviet five-story buildings" ( Khrushchev buildings) were supplemented by a square, substations, shops, football grounds and a House of Culture.

Medical service

Before the revolution, the healthcare system was extremely underdeveloped (according to WHO, at the beginning of 1978 the country had 900 doctors and health workers, 76 hospitals with 5,419 beds and one maternity hospital). Improving the public health system was recognized as a policy priority. One of the first decrees introduced free medical care for employees of state enterprises, as well as preferential prices for the sale of medicines and medical care for peasants and workers. As of the beginning of 1983, the country had 60 hospitals, 289 provincial and local health centers, 189 laboratories, 53 dental clinics, 79 x-ray rooms, 15 donor centers and 630 pharmacies, by which time the level of infectious and childhood diseases had been significantly reduced. Fighting and sabotage caused significant damage to the healthcare system (already at the beginning of 1983, losses from shelling, arson and destruction of medical institutions amounted to 367 million Afghanis, losses from the destruction of medical transport amounted to another 102 million Afghanis).

Education and social and political life

Raising orphans

Symbols of the state

The flag of the DRA was originally a red cloth, on which a gold inscription was written in Arabic script in Dari خلق (khalq, people). The inscription was part of the coat of arms, which also contained a gold five-pointed star and gold ears of grain surrounded by a red ribbon. The inscriptions on the tape read: Saur Revolution 1357 and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Religion

The DRA government pursued a policy of building a secular state in Afghanistan, and therefore the attitude towards religion and the clergy was not entirely clear:

• On the one hand, the government pursued a policy of secularization, limiting the influence religion and the Muslim clergy in public life; also, as a result of the reforms, the property rights of the clergy were limited. As a result, the status, influence and financial position of the clergy deteriorated; in addition, there were arrests of representatives of the clergy who opposed the government and supported anti-government forces, which gave grounds to talk about the persecution of the clergy in the DRA;
• On the other hand, the government sought to attract representatives of the clergy to its side, since it took into account the influence of religion and the clergy in the country (although this influence was underestimated, especially in the early years).

A major miscalculation of the new government was the incorrect attitude towards religion as an anachronism. This approach did not take into account that over several centuries of existence on the territory of Afghanistan, Islam deeply penetrated not only the public consciousness, but also public life, and became an integral element of the national culture. In this regard, the refusal of the DRA leadership from the tricolor black-red-green flag and its replacement with a red one, as well as the exclusion of symbols of the Islamic faith from the state emblem, was considered by the population not only as a departure of the PDPA from the national tradition, but also as an insult to the feelings of believers.

In July 1980, at the initiative of the government, the first ulema conference in the country's history was held, in which more than 600 representatives of the clergy took part. The authorities recognized that during the period in which H. Amin was in power, serious mistakes were made regarding believers and the clergy, and took measures to correct them. Guarantees were given for the preservation of the Ulema Council. The government has allocated a special state fund from the country's budget for the repair and construction of mosques. The quota allocated for pilgrims to Mecca was increased. Subsequently, the government continued to try to establish a “common language” with the clergy.

Mark on history

As British diplomat Rodric Braithwaite notes, in the second half of the 2000s, nostalgia for the DRA was a common phenomenon among the Afghan population.

Notes for "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan"

1. (on 1979)
2. Nikitenko E. G. Afghanistan: From the war of the 80s to the forecast of new wars. - M.: AST, Astrel, 2004. - P. 112.
3. M. A. Gareev. My last war (Afghanistan without Soviet troops). M., INSAN, 1996. pp. 161, 192
4. Yu. Tyssovsky. “Conspiracy in Kabul: how it happened”. // “Izvestia”, No. 70 (22973) dated 03/11/1990, p.6
5. Rodric Braithwaite. Afgantsy. The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-89. - Oxford University Press, 2011. - P. 299.
6. The April military coup is the beginning of the tragedy of Afghanistan
7. Population of Afghanistan
8. International Yearbook: Politics and Economics. Class of 1988 / M. 1988 - p.300
9. History of Afghanistan from ancient times to the present day / rep. ed. Yu. V. Gankovsky. M., “Thought”, 1982. Pp. 341
10. V. V. Basov, G. A. Polyakov. Afghanistan: the difficult fate of the revolution. M., “Knowledge”, 1988. Pp. 44
11. [Afghanistan] Call for national reconciliation // Izvestia, No. 5 (21812) dated January 5, 1987. Pp. 13
12. [Afghanistan] Amnesty decree adopted // Izvestia, No. 27 (21834) dated January 27, 1987. Pp. 4
13. K. F. Rashidov. Afghanistan: the time of formation: reporting from the scene. M., Izvestia, 1983. Pp. 31
14. T. A. Gaidar. Under the Afghan sky: notes of a war correspondent. M., “Soviet Russia”, 1981. Pp. 61
15. G. Ustinov. Those who came to confess // “Izvestia”, No. 223 (20569) dated August 11, 1983. Pp. 5
16. G. Ustinov. Safiullah makes a choice // Izvestia, No. 117 (21194) dated April 27, 1985. Pp. 5